Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 989 Words

The thinning fog laced between the leaves of the pecan tree. Morning dew dripped down onto the blades of grass that wove around the tree’s roots. It was a typical Maycomb morning. The street was dark and empty. The woman who always hummed old hymns in her flowers was silently sleeping. The woman who hurriedly walked across the street every morning to tell the latest gossip was snoring away in her bed. The man who kept his reading lamp on through the night was beginning to stir in his bed, and his children, who ran to him every afternoon, were tucked in warm beds dreaming about the day ahead. Rays of sunlight were beginning to splash onto the porch. It was time to go back inside. One last look around the street, and the door closed. In Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout Finch asks her neighbor, Miss Maudie, if she thinks Boo Radley is crazy. â€Å"If he’s not, then he should be by now. The things that happen to people we never really know. What happ ens in houses behind closed doors, what secrets-† (Lee 46) This novel is told from the perspective of Jean Louise â€Å"Scout† Finch, a young girl who begins to see the different sides of human nature. In the beginning of the novel, Scout becomes fascinated in a ghost. She had heard rumors and accounts of people seeing him. She heard he ate cats and tapped on windows in the night. The all allusive Boo Radley had become an infatuation. During the evolution of the novel, the attributes of Boo Radley are revealed in small acts ofShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. Wit h that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom Robinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was pov erty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1656 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Mockingbirds don’t do any harm but make music for us †¦ that’s why it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird†, is a famous quote from the book To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Atticus, the father of the main character Scout, says this to her and her brother Jem when they receive rifles for Christmas. This book is considered a classic due to the allegory between the book title and the trial that occurs about halfway through the book. In the beginning of To Kill a Mockingbird, Scout is six. She is an innocent Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee - 989 Words Everyone is biased. That is the truth that no one can deny. However, it is how we react to the biases fed to us by society that truly exemplifies how much sympathy, compassion and intelligence we possess. Scout, the protagonist of Harper Lee’s â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird†, lived in Maycomb County, Alabama as a child. Maycomb’s predominantly Caucasian populace always trusted the words of the trashiest white man above the words of the kindest black man. Scout bluntly states to her older brother, Jem, that, â€Å"I think there’s just one kind of folks. Folks† (Lee 304). She believes that whether they are black or white, rich or poor, people are all people and they are created equal. Scout displayed multiple times throughout the book that she did not agree with the townspeople on the subjects of race and class; she befriended individuals that were of lower status, she was raised and influenced by people who also disagreed with the townspeople, and she trusted African Americans. Firstly, Scout befriended individuals in the community whom most Maycomb citizens would not. Scout became friends with Walter Cunningham and even invited him over to her house. They ate supper together and were generally amicable. However, Scout’s aunt Alexandra revealed that the Cunninghams were of lower status than Scout and her family. Scout asked Aunt Alexandra if Walter could come over, but she said that he could not. â€Å"’I ll tell you why,’ she said. ‘Because- he- is- trash, that s why you can t play withShow MoreRelatedKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1049 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird: How a Story could be based on True Events in Everyday LifeDaisy GaskinsCoastal Pines Technical Collegeâ€Æ'Harper Lee was born in Monroeville, Alabama. Her father was a former newspaper editor and proprietor, who had served as a state senator and practiced as a lawyer in Monroeville. Also Finch was known as the maiden name of Lee’s mother. Wi th that being said Harper Lee became a writer like her father, but she became a American writer, famous for her race relations novel â€Å"ToRead MoreTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee1000 Words   |  4 Pagesworld-wide recognition to the many faces of prejudice is an accomplishment of its own. Author Harper Lee has had the honor to accomplish just that through her novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, a moving and inspirational story about a young girl learning the difference between the good and the bad of the world. In the small town of Monroeville, Alabama, Nelle Harper Lee was born on April 28, 1926. Growing up, Harper Lee had three siblings: two sisters and an older brother. She and her siblings grew up modestlyRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee873 Words   |  4 PagesIn the book, To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee illustrates that â€Å"it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird† throughout the novel by writing innocent characters that have been harmed by evil. Tom R obinson’s persecution is a symbol for the death of a mockingbird. The hunters shooting the bird would in this case be the Maycomb County folk. Lee sets the time in the story in the early 1950s, when the Great Depression was going on and there was poverty everywhere. The mindset of people back then was that blackRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1290 Words   |  6 PagesHarper Lee published To Kill a Mockingbird during a rough period in American history, also known as the Civil Rights Movement. This plot dives into the social issues faced by African-Americans in the south, like Tom Robinson. Lee felt that the unfair treatment towards blacks were persistent, not coming to an end any time in the foreseeable future. This dark movement drove her to publish this novel hopeful that it would encourage the society to realize that the harsh racism must stop. Lee effectivelyRead MoreHarper Lee and to Kill a Mockingbird931 Words   |  4 PagesHarper Lee and her Works Harper Lee knew first hand about the life in the south in the 1930s. She was born in Monroeville, Alabama in 1926 (Castleman 2). Harper Lee was described by one of her friends as Queen of the Tomboys (Castleman 3). Scout Finch, the main character of Lees Novel, To Kill a Mockinbird, was also a tomboy. Many aspects of To Kill a Mockingbird are autobiographical (Castleman 3). Harper Lees parents were Amasa Coleman Lee and Frances Finch Lee. She was the youngestRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee963 Words   |  4 Pagesgrowing up, when older characters give advice to children or siblings.Growing up is used frequently in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee. Harper Lee uses the theme growing up in To Kill a Mockingbird to change characters opinion, develop characters through their world, and utilizes prejudice to reveal growing up. One major cause growing up is used in To Kill a Mockingbird is to represent a change of opinion. One part growing up was shown in is through the trial in part two of the novelRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1052 Words   |  5 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee takes place in Maycomb County, Alabama in the late 30s early 40s , after the great depression when poverty and unemployment were widespread throughout the United States. Why is the preconception of racism, discrimination, and antagonism so highly related to some of the characters in this book? People often have a preconceived idea or are biased about one’s decision to live, dress, or talk. Throughout To Kill a Mockingbird, Harper Lee examines the preconceptionRead MoreKill A Mockingbird, By Harper Lee1197 Words   |  5 Pagessuch as crops, houses, and land, and money was awfully limited. These conflicts construct Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Lee establ ishes the concurrence of good and evil, meaning whether people are naturally good or naturally evil. Lee uses symbolism, characterization, and plot to portray the instinctive of good and evil. To Kill a Mocking Bird, a novel by Harper Lee takes place during the 1930s in the Southern United States. The protagonist, Scout Finch,Read MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1695 Words   |  7 PagesIn To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee presents as a ‘tired old town’ where the inhabitants have ‘nowhere to go’ it is set in the 1930s when prejudices and racism were at a peak. Lee uses Maycomb town to highlight prejudices, racism, poverty and social inequality. In chapter 2 Lee presents the town of Maycomb to be poverty stricken, emphasised through the characterisation of Walter Cunningham. When it is discovered he has no lunch on the first day of school, Scout tries to explain the situation to MissRead MoreKill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee1876 Words   |  8 PagesThough Harper Lee only published two novels, her accomplishments are abundant. Throughout her career Lee claimed: the Presidential Medal of Freedom, Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, Goodreads Choice Awards Best Fiction, and Quill Award for Audio Book. Lee was also inducted into the American Academy of Arts and Letters. This honor society is a huge accomplishment and is considered the highest recognition for artistic talent and accomplishment in the United States. Along with these accomplishments, her

Assignment Optimism and Health Free Essays

Assignment: Optimism and Health Andrea Pulis PSY/220 October 9, 2012 Ratonya Bennett For this paper, I researched two peer reviewed articles which discusses the effects of optimism and psychological health. The first one that I found is called Optimism and Physical Health: A Meta-analytic Review by Heather N. Rasmussen, Ph. We will write a custom essay sample on Assignment: Optimism and Health or any similar topic only for you Order Now D. , Michael F. Scheier, Ph. D. , and Joel B. Greenhuse, Ph. D. It was published in 2009. The second article that I located is called Perceived Academic Control: mediating the effects of optimism and social support on college students’ psychological health by Joelle C. Ruthig, Tara L. Haynes, Robert H. Stupnisky, and Raymond P. Perry. In Optimism and Physical Health, there was a study conducted to find out the relationship between optimism and physical health outcomes. According to their findings, the data suggests that optimism is a significant predictor of physical health. I would have to agree with this study and I find it validating. One thing that I found interesting in the article was the significance of pessimism and physical health. We learned from the study that optimism can have a positive effect on physical health but we also learn that pessimism can have a negative effect on physical health. According to the article Optimism and Physical health, â€Å"It may well be the case that it is the presence or absence of pessimism that is important in determining physical health outcomes rather than the presence or absence of optimism†(p. 247). What this is telling me is that having the presence of pessimism can have a more negative effect on physical health rather than the positive effect optimism has on physical health. To summarize, â€Å"In general, it is clear from this review that optimism is related to physical health. It is also clear that the link between optimism and health is stronger for subjective health outcomes than for objective health outcomes† (p. 248). This study really shows this information and it can be said that for future studies that they can move past this understanding and do further research. This could lead to what specifically does optimism effect and how to possibly teach those who are suffering physically how to be optimistic. In the second article I found, Perceived Academic Control, the article discusses the psychological effect that optimism has on college students, particularly freshmen and how they are doing psychologically at the end of their freshmen year. The study assessed year end GPA, stress level and depression level. According to the academic journal, â€Å"As expected, optimism and support predicted less stress and depression, yet their beneficial effects were mediated by student’ PAC† (Ruthig, Haynes, Stupnisky, Perry, 2008). PAC stands for perceived academic control. Having optimism can buffer the students’ for being susceptible to stress and depression and having optimism can protect freshman’s health when facing the challenges of transitioning from high school to college. Think about it, a lot of students decide to leave home to go to college. They will be in a new environment, a new home, new friends, new restaurants, possibly new weather and many other factors. Believing in being optimistic is very beneficial. I can say from personal experience that I was very pessimistic and ended up dropping out of college after my freshman year because I could not handle it. I never thought positive. I did not believe, expect, or hope that things will turn out well and I did not have the attitude of somebody who feels positive or confident. I think and I know that if I was more optimistic or even possessed a hint of optimism, I would have stuck my years out at college. However, I was so depressed by the end of my freshman year that I could not even think of going back. I associated that place as negative and I was not going to put myself through it any further. It is safe to say that I believe whole-heartedly that optimism does have a psychological effect on individuals or in particular, on me. Both of these articles bring up how powerful thinking positively can be on individuals. You can always think negatively and think that nothing will turn out well and in fact, it might not. Or, you can be someone that thinks that things will ultimately turn out for the better, that there is positivity out there and that the glass is half full rather than half empty. I chose to think that the glass is half full. References Ruthig, J. , Haynes, T. , Stupnisky, R. , Perry, R. (2009). Perceived Academic Control: mediating the effects of optimism and social support on college students’ psychological health. Social Psychology Of Education, 12(2), 233-249. doi:10. 1007/s11218-008-9079-6 Rasmussen, H. N. , Scheier, M. F. , Greenhouse, J. B. (2009). Optimism and Physical Health: A Meta-analytic Review. Annals Of Behavioral Medicine, 37(3), 239-256. doi:10. 1007/s12160-009-9111-x How to cite Assignment: Optimism and Health, Essay examples

Value Of Responsible Tourism Tour Packages â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Value Of Responsible Tourism Tour Packages? Answer: Introducation Ultimate travel was launched in the year 1991 in Sydney, Australia. It is Travel Company that arranges adventure tours in and around Australia. The organization brings together like minded people as tour groups who bond in the trip and make the vacation a memorable experience. The company is clear about the target market: demographic: 18-30 years; geographic: Australia; behavioral: people who are looking for an adventure trip; psychographic: people who are young at heart and are looking for a fabulous time (ultimate.travel, 2017). Ultimate travel People from all the world can be a part of the group and experience the adventures nature has to offer in a responsible and safe way. The company has a team of skilled and trained people who make the travel experience even better, there rare tour leaders, local guides and support crew members who are accountable and dedicated to offer the customers a trip of their lifetime. The guided tour is filled with several activities which are going to keep the customers engaged and entertained throughout the trip (ultimate.travel, 2017). But that doesnt mean the tourist do not get time to rejuvenate or relax in the trip. The company makes sure that the tour package is well balanced so that they can provide the customers with a perfect vacation with in the budget. Be it the transport or the accommodation the company assures the customers to offer the best option without any extra pay than the package itself. To protect the interest of the customers a safety deposit facility is also available wh ere in case of any unforeseen circumstances of the trip being cancelled or delayed. The company understands the value of responsible tourism and hence the tour packages include several precautions and ethical policies which define the companys vision to a sustainable environment and betterment of the wildlife and their habitat. Sustainability is one of the core principles that are followed by the company (ultimate.travel, 2017). Reference List: ultimate.travel. 2017.About Us. [online] Available at: https://www.ultimate.travel/about-us/ [Accessed 17 Sep. 2017].

Media And Pornography Essays (2542 words) - Pornography,

Media And Pornography It started by way of messengers and scribes, evolved through the presentation of newspapers and radio, brought us together with television, and now serves us world-wide via the ever-popular Internet. It is the mass media, and even from the earliest days of its existence, it has contributed greatly in ways that both enlighten and enrich society, and ways that deteriorate and perplex it. It is not a surprise to learn, then, that the mass media is the most powerful source of information we have, and nothing else in today's world influences public perception quite as heavily. Unfortunately, however, most of what is broadcast or transmitted in the news today is with reference to the chaotic condition of our planet, or something else that society as a whole sees as detrimental or damaging. But the news on television is not the only type of media taking the criticism of society. Other forms of mass media, specifically movies and television programs containing pornography and violence have been heavily criticized. The underlining concept to be debated here is that society is negatively influenced, specifically, by these images of pornography and the result is increased violence against women. This assumption, and it is indeed only an assumption, is completely fallacious, however, as no concrete and completely conclusive evidence has ever been formulated in support of the theory. The key premise here is that the mass media does not cause undesirable social behaviour and in actuality, the media people should not be dubbed as the ?bad guys?. They simply use their power in the most constructive ways possible in order to promote their ratings and popularity. One way to do that is to concentrate on what sells: sex, violence and disaster. Having said this, why is it then, that many in society still believe otherwise; why do they continue to believe that pornography is ?evil? and is a major cause for violence against women, specifically rape? There are many reasons for this misinterpretation and through the following few points, an attempt will be made to show that pornography has very little to almost no correlation with violence against women (of course nothing is ?absolute? in society). In order to demonstrate this, it must be made evident that pornography is not ?evil? and does not cause undesirable social behaviour by displaying nude women in sexually explicit circumstances. Thus, it is important to indicate that women are not treated only as sexual objects through the media. This is done in an attempt to quash any traces of ?evil? in pornography. Subsequently, a second point, that some may consider to be completely bizarre, can be addressed; that pornography actually reduces the amount of violence against women. For thousands of years, sex itself has been considered ?evil? and revolting. This is exactly why the concealment of the sex organs and teaching feelings of shame toward human sexuality is so common worldwide (Christensen 1990:4). These same feelings of shame are the chief reasons that sex is considered a personal and private matter. Contrary to the beliefs of many, the mass media did not create these settings; society creates this image. In some societies, women have no reservations with regard to living their entire lives completely naked, while in other societies, females cover themselves from head to toe, only revealing their eyes. The media has been bombarded with criticism, overwhelmingly from the female community, relative to the amount of sexually explicit material that is published in magazines and that appears on television and in the cinemas. A common argument against pornography is that the media portrays women as being nothing more than sexual playthings and objects to satisfy male sexual desires. As before, the media once again, is not to be held responsible for creating this image; these views are products of society. It would be downright absurd to assume that women in this society are treated as sexual objects only because the media releases or broadcasts pornographic material. A magazine associated with make-up and skin care, for example, will quite obviously not be concentrating on much else. Such a magazine would not display pictures of women who mountain-climb or women who water-ski; only images of make-up and text referring to skin care would be relevant. Clearly, society does not consider women to be beings who's only purpose in life is to worry about make-up and skin care; but why are the complaints only directed towards pornographic media then? The answer to this question may be more complicated,

buy custom RFID in Pharmacy essay

buy custom RFID in Pharmacy essay Introduction According to Hunt, Puglia, Puglia (2007), Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is defined as a technology that makes use of electrostatic or electromagnetic coupling which is found in the radio frequency part of the electromagnetic spectrum, for the purpose of uniquely identifying an animal, person, or object. The use of RFID system has become very common in various industries because it has been found to be more efficient and effective than the barcode technology (Hunt, Puglia, Puglia, 2007). Unlike the barcode technology, RFID does not require close proximity and line of sight to identify RFID tags. The tags can be read even when they are within a carton or any other container, and with this technology numerous objects can be identified simultaneously. RFID is comprised of two main parts: a reader which consists of a transceiver and an antenna, and a tag which is known as a transponder (Hunt, Puglia, Puglia, 2007). By use of radio frequency waves, the antenna transmits a signal to activate the tag which in return transmits data back. The transponder contains the RF circuitry and data to be transmitted, and the transceiver transfers the data to a computer system (Paret, 2005). The transmitted data may provide location or identification information, or the specifics regarding the commodity tagged, like color, date of purchase, and price. Some products like drugs need additional network known as the Electronic Product Code (EPC) network (Maynor, 2006). The EPC identifies objects as unique entities and can enhance tracking of the product throughout its lifecycle (Maynor, 2006). This can always reveal the manufacturer of the tagged objects as well as their nature and condition. Many patients have been dying in hospitals because of medical errors that can be prevented (Brown, 2006). The health professionals need safer systems in hospitals to achieve their goals of treating patients successfully. RFID is very effective and efficient when dealing with health care issues such as accurate identification of patients, identification of specific drugs and apparatus, appropriate action of treatment, avoidance of theft, and avoidance of counterfeit drugs and apparatus (Brown, 2006). This paper is meant to show how radio frequency identification technology can contribute to establishing a smart hospital through reduction of errors, improvement of patient safety, and optimization of business processes (Rosenberg, 2006). RFID Compliant Hospital According to Rosenberg (2006), many actors and assets of the hospital facilities need to be tagged with the RFID tags. So that the RFID technology can be meaningful: the medical apparatus must contain specific RFID tags, and it will be very important if the manufacturers put the standardized tags into the apparatus; the caregivers, nurses, doctors and other members of the medical staff should put on a smart badge which stores their employee identity number; before admission, each patient should be given a wristband that has the RFID tag containing information such as the patients unique code and digital picture; medical histories for all patients and other crucial documents must contain RFID self-adhesive labels with a unique number; all packages for drugs should bear RFID labels and these tags should preferably comply with EPC; and the blood bags should contain RFID self-adhesive labels that hold a unique identifier and specific information regarding the type of blood (Brown, 2006). The application of the RFID technology can maximize the workflows, improve the care for patients, minimize the operating and unnecessary costs, reduce thefts, and avoid the misidentification of patients. Identification of patients According to Burke, Weill (2008), it has become common that many patients remain misidentified during medical treatment at hospitals and other medical institutions. Health professionals are concerned with this issue because identification errors may result in prescription of wrong drugs or wrong dosage which may lead to health complications of the patient or even death. This usually happens when the laboratory results for the first patient, are taken to be the results of the second patient who is suffering from a different disease altogether. Healthcare professionals have found RFID technology as a technique that will be used to reduce the clinical errors and improve productivity and administration (Rosenberg, 2006). All patients are given wristbands that contain RFID chips during the time of admission. The RFID chip contains the patients unique identity number and relevant medical data such as the blood type of the patient, for efficient and effective treatment (Burke, Weill, 2008 ). However, care should be taken to avoid disclosing patients medical records. This is achieved by storing patients medcal data in a more secure database and not in the RFID chip. The database links the relevant medical data to the patients unique identity. Through RFID technology, the patients can receive correct medication and in correct dosages (Brown, 2006). Blood tracking Patients have been transfused with wrong blood type which leads to agglutination of the patients blood in the circulatory system. This is as a result of misidentification of both the blood and the patient to be transfused. Errors in blood transfusion frequently result in death of the patients (Burke, Weill, 2008). Typically, blood transfusion errors occur during bedside check before transfusion. Studies have shown that errors in blood transfusion are common for surgical patients because of distraction and urgency (Rosenberg, 2006). Health professionals perform the bedside check by use of eye readable data which is unmanageable in operating theater. The surgical patients are usually unconscious and they may not be able to state their names. Bedside check during blood transfusion should be addressed by the RFID technology (Brown, 2006). This technology can be used to track the specific bags of blood for each patient to ensure the patients are transfused with the correct blood type. Th e RFID chip at the wristband contains the required information which corresponds with the information in the RFID self-adhesive label on the bag of blood. RFID self-adhesive labels contain unique identification numbers and the information of the blood type contained in the bag (Shepard, 2005). The identification numbers and information must be saved in a more secure database that contains details regarding the origin of blood and the intended patient. The data from the RFID chip on the bag must match with that in the RFID chip on the patients wristband before blood transfusion takes place (Rosenberg, 2006). Operating theatre The most common surgical errors that are reported involve surgery on the wrong site or part of the body, wrong patient, or improper surgical procedure (Rosenberg, 2006). RFID technology will be the best option to ensure that proper operations are done on the right individuals. This can be achieved when the patients are given wristband containing RFID tags on admission. The RFID chips in these tags contain the patients digital picture and relevant personal information (Ahson, 2008). The digital photo enables the concerned health professional to confirm that they are dealing with the right patient, while the electronic record enables them to perform the right procedure of treatment. Health professional are instantly warned by the RFID computer system if there is a mismatch. Therefore, the operating theatre is made more efficient and safer because of the RFID tagging. RFID technology significantly reduces the costs and mistakes that occur during surgery. Anti-Counterfeiting of Drugs A very serious issue that pharmaceutical companies and health care institutions are experiencing is the drug counterfeiting. The counterfeit drugs are dangerous to patients because they may contain harmful substances. It has been found that the pharmaceutical companies are losing millions of money to the counterfeiting companies every year (Burke, Weill, 2008). Manufacture of counterfeit drugs and medical facilities can be avoided by use of RFID technology in the pharmaceutical companies and medical institutions (Reyes, 2011). The drug manufacturers should pack the prescription drugs together with specific RFID tags before the drugs are ferried to hospitals and other medical institutions. In some cases, bottle, pallets and cases are manufactured with RFID tags which bear a unique number that is used to record the information regarding all transactions the product is involved in (Ahson, 2008). This gives an electronic lineage through the entire supply chain of the drug from the drug manufacturer to hospitals and other health care institutions (Reyes, 2011). According to Reyes (2011), most manufacturers, drug stores, wholesalers, hospitals, and small retailers have acquired the RFID system and they can be able to verify the authenticity of their products by checking the database of the manufacture through the web. According to Maynor (2006), it will be crucial for the packaging of some products such as drugs be associated with additional networks like the Electronic Product Code (EPC) network in hospitals. The EPC compliant hospitals can be able to identify original drugs as unique entities and can easily track the product throughout its lifecycle to ensure that it is the right drug (Maynor, 2006). This can always reveal the manufacturer of the tagged objects as well as their nature and condition. These measures ensure that patients are given appropriate medication for good results. Tracking Staff, Patients, Medical Equiipment and Medical Documents The RFID technology has been found very effective for the fast and automated tracking of animals, people and assets (Shepard, 2005). This quality makes hospitals and other health care institutions to use the technology for efficient and effective tracking. The RFID compliant hospital is equipped with transceivers and antennas at strategic points such as entrances of recovery rooms, operating theatres, exists of important corridors, medical libraries, and main doors (Rosenberg, 2006). Due to the fact that important medical documents and histories are RFID tagged, the asset tracking application such as the RFID Locator makes it possible to locate the documents. This will significantly reduce the loss of medical documents both for patients and for the medical institutions asset records. Therefore, this technology will avoid unnecessary costs as well disclosure of patients medical information (Rosenberg, 2006). Assets tracking application makes it very efficient to trace and locate patients as well as staff members within the premises of large hospital. This can improve the workflow of nurses, doctors and other hospital staff (Rosenberg, 2006). They can also be located in real time and this is very important in hospitals with huge buildings. The RFID technology introduces an accurate and efficient inventory system because the tagged medical equipment can be traced and located easily. According to Want (2006), many corporate have used the RFID technology for updating their inventories. The RFID technology has been found to reduce assets loss which is considered the most often positive consequence. Finally, the tracking is very significant in averting vices such as theft. Avoid Theft of Equipment Expensive and sophisticated equipment are purchased for use in hospitals and this calls for maximum security. Lots of medical equipment is stolen or misplaced within hospitals every year because most hospitals lack efficient locating and tracking techniques like the use of RFID tags and transceivers (Rosenberg, 2006). Before the stolen equipments are declared as stolen, employees will be required to search for the equipments everywhere within the premises and in the neighboring environment which wastes many hours. Some employees may also be required to re-order for the missing equipment and therefore they will be diverted from management tasks or patient care for some hours. Therefore, the misplaced or stolen equipment may waste many other resources such as time, apart from money. The use of RFID technology will be the most effective way to avoid this issue of stealing or misplacing the medical equipment in hospitals and other medical institutions (Rosenberg, 2006). When the medical equipment contains the RFID tags, they can be tracked and traced easily which can save time and money for additional investment (Want, 2006). This can significantly reduce the risks of thefts because the technical staff will be aware of every apparatus exact location within the hospital premises. RFID tagging can be useful in identifying the stolen equipment and materials just like it can be used to detect the counterfeit equipment as well as drugs. If RFID tags are put at various points within the hospital premises like the main gate, they can help alerting the security personnel that medical materials and equipment stolen from the premises (Want, 2006). Earlier actions will then be taken to retain the medical equipment and avoid incurring unnecessary costs in re-ordering them. It has been found that the equipment and materials with more RFID tags will be detected easily therefore minimizing the chances of being stolen. Numerous RFID tags ensure that the thief canno t remove all the tags. It is also very important for the equipment to be manufactured with inbuilt RFID chips so that the thieves cannot be able to remove them (Yang, Rida, Tentzeris, 2009). Conclusion It is very critical to successfully manage large medical institutions like hospitals without employing advent technologies such as the Internet and RFID systems. These technologies can help reduce or avoid various problems that occur more often in hospitals other medical institutions. Some of these issues include accurate identification of patients, identification of specific drugs and apparatus, appropriate action of treatment, avoidance of theft in hospitals, and avoidance of counterfeit drugs and apparatus. RFID technology has been found very effective when dealing with these issues. Lives of many individuals have been saved because of better identification techniques, availability of enough medical facilities which are not stolen, doctors can be traced in real-time, and because the counterfeit drugs have been avoided due to RFID tagging. Therefore, RFID technology is a necessity for improved health services to patients. Buy custom RFID in Pharmacy essay

SAT Prep for ESL and Bilingual Students

SAT Prep for ESL and Bilingual Students SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips The SAT is a challenging test for all students, but especially for those whose native language isn't English. Even more so than its counterpart, the ACT, the SAT focuses on high level vocabulary words and reading comprehension. Most four year colleges require the SAT or ACT from ESL students, often along with the TOEFL or IELTS. This guide is for ESL and bilingual students who have college in their plans and want to know how to prep for the SAT. Before delving into your approach to test prep, let's discuss what exactly the SAT tests, and why it can be so demanding for non-native speakers of English. What Does the SAT Test? Some students ask, can you take the SAT in another language? What about the SAT in Spanish or Mandarin? What about just the SAT instructions in another language? The answer to all these is, sadly, no. There is no special SAT ESL or SAT bilingual version. The SAT is meant to assess your college readiness. It tests whether you have the math and verbal reasoning skills to do well in college classes. Since your college classes will be in English, it wouldn't be very helpful to offer SAT dual language or translations for the questions or instructions. The SAT has three main sections: math, Critical Reading, and Writing, which includes an essay. ESL, bilingual, and international students often score higher on the math section of the SAT than the Writing and Critical Reading sections. While the math does require some knowledge of math terminology and understanding word problems, it doesn't require as advanced English skills as the verbal sections (perhaps stating the obvious). The Writing section tests your understanding of grammar rules and sentence and paragraph structure. Multiple choice questions will ask you to identify errors in a sentence or rearrange ideas within a paragraph. Because the sentences are often complex, this section is challenging for ESL students. Some ESL students have an advantage on the Writing multiple choice, however. ESL students often study rules of English grammar more explicitly than native speakers do, who might just rely on their sense of "what sounds right." SAT scores of bilingual students who can identify and apply specific rules, like subject-verb agreement and parallelism, can do very well on this section. Writing also includes a 25 minute essay, which accounts for about 30% of the overall Writing score. This persuasive essay is tough for non-native speakers, since points are deducted for any errors in grammar or structure. Luckily, this essay is very coachable. By familarizing yourself with exactly what graders want to see and practicing essay writing before the exam, you can prepare yourself and improve your score. Finally, the most challenging section of the SAT for most ESL students is the Critical Reading section. To do well on this section, you have to be able to read and understand passages quickly. You also have to use reasoning skills to make inferences, interpret details, and determine main purpose. Doing well on the Critical Reading sections is no easy feat for any student. By improving your English level overall and studying specifically for the SAT, in terms of both content, and strategy, you can improve your scores a greal deal. The first step is asking yourself whether you're ready to start prepping for the SAT. Do you have the level of English necessary to study for and take the SAT? Let's try to answer this question for students in each of the three main levels: beginner, intermediate, and advanced. If you're a High Beginner or High Intermediate, you might fall somewhere in between and can take advice from both sections. Three delicious levels. What's Your English Level? Are you at the beginner, intermediate, or advanced level in your English language learning? As I mentioned above, many colleges require you to demonstrate your English proficiency with the TOEFL (another accepted exam is the IELTS) if you've taken one or more ESL classes in high school. Not only can this test help you get into college, but you can also use it to decide whether you're ready to take the SAT. SAT experts generally agree that you'll have trouble prepping for and taking the SAT until you've achieved at least a 90 on the TOEFL. The minimum TOEFL score I've seen to get into U.S. colleges is a 79, so this is another minimum benchmark to use. The TOEFL requires a lot of prep too, but at least all this studying will get you in the right mindset for the SAT. If you haven't taken the official TOEFL, you can try TOEFL sample questions and gauge your level that way. At the very least, you'll have a sense of your English level based on your class placement in school. If you're a beginner or high beginner ESL student, what can you do to start prepping for the SAT? Many colleges offer ESL bridge programs for beginner ESL students. SAT Prep for Beginner ESL Students If you're a recent ESL student at a beginner level, then you're probably not at the point yet where you can start planning for the SAT. The SAT is a measure of the math and verbal reasoning skills you need for college. Beginner ESL students would have a hard time keeping up with college classes in English. The best thing you can do at the beginner level is to keep studying and improving your English and all your reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills. Build up your vocabulary and knowledge of English idioms (some idioms will appear on the SAT). You might begin to familiarize yourself with what the SAT is all about, so you can incorporate relevant material into your English learning. By this I mean you could make sure you're learning geometry and algebra terms or focusing on a detailed understanding passages when you read. If you're looking to go to college at the beginner level, many colleges offer an ESL bridge program for bilingual and international students (and those who score lower than a 79 on the TOEFL). In a bridge program, you can keep learning English and eventually go straight into the school's undergraduate program. Some colleges with ESL bridge programs include UMass Boston, Roger Williams, and the University of New Hampshire, among lots of others. Another possibility is enrolling in a community college (which doesn't require the SAT, but usually wants to see the TOEFL), and then transferring to a 4-year school after a year or two. This can be a great option to give yourself time to build up your English, experience the U.S. if you're not living here already, gain college credits, and then ultimately get your diploma from a 4-year college. Keep working on your English so you'll have the language skills you need to take the SAT and succeed at the college level. Once you've brought your skills up to the intermediate or high intermediate level, you can begin to do more focused prep for the exam. Keep reading to improve your English skills. SAT Prep for Intermediate Students Intermediate students may be in a better position to score between a 79 and 90 on the TOEFL and find the SAT more accessible. If you're an intermediate ESL student, you should familiarize yourself with everything about the SAT. Find out what's tested on the Math, Critical Reading, and Writing sections. Learn all about the different question types. Understand how much time you have in each section. Math is typically easier for ESL students, but you still need to focus on the math concepts and making sure you can understand word problems and math vocabulary,like integer, mulltiples, and isosceles triangle. For Writing, study the most commonly tested grammar rules and read widely to improve your understanding of syntax and structure. Practice writing essays; hopefully you have someone who can give you feedback on them. Finally, for Critical Reading, practice reading texts closely(and quickly) for main purpose, vocabulary, and details. Figure out where you need to focus your studying the most. Then you can determine your approach to test prep. What Are Your Prep Options? There are a few options for SAT prep, but I wouldn't recommend all of them for intemediate ESL students. These options include self-studying from books, SAT classes, one on one tutoring, and online programs. Self-studying can be tough and even ineffective for intermediate ESL students. You have to figure out everything on your own. Students can improve a lot by studying their mistakes and reading through answer explanations. If you don't have the language skills to understand your mistakes, then you could keep repeating the same ones without learning what you're missing. SAT classes are a slightly better option, but they can be difficult if they're not geared toward ESL students. They might move at a faster pace and teach to native speakers. In large classes, you might not get enough individual attention to really understand problem types. I would recommend online programs or one on one tutoring (or online programs that include a one on one tutoring component). That way you can match the prep to your pace and language level and get the thorough explanations you need. PrepScholar's program, for example, helps you figure out your strengths and weaknesses and target the areas you need to improve most. It also gives you lots of lots of practice writing essays and getting feedback. One on one tutoring can also accomplish this, but it works best if the tutor has experience working with non-native English speakers. It also may just be a weekly meeting, whereas you could access an online program anytime you wanted. The key thing to remember is that you should target your weaknesses, understand your mistakes, and find a prep method that best meets your needs as an ESL or bilingual student. All of this takes time and a plan, so it's best to start a year or more before your test date to give yourself time to prep and additional test dates to retake the SAT, if needed. Meanwhile, continue improving your English, as ultimately a strong score on the SAT, and especially the verbal sections, requires advanced English skills. Full speed ahead! SAT Prep for Advanced Students Advanced ESL students or bilingual students who are fluent will benefit from SAT prep in much the same way as native speakers. The difference is that they may have to focus more on understanding idioms, high level vocabulary, and essay writing, and work on their ability to read quickly under time pressure. There are a number of resources for free official practice tests that students can use to get a sense of their strengths and weaknesses. As you review content and concepts, you can also try out strategies for saving time and approaching each section. Analyze your mistakes and keep trying out timed practice tests to improve your pacing. Is there a method of test prep that works best for advanced students? What Are Your Prep Options? In terms of your options - self-study, classes, one on one tutoring, and online programming - you have more flexibility as an advanced ESL student or fluent English speaker. If you can deeply understand test prep on your own from books, then you could benefit from using them to prepare. You also might learn in a class, though generally classes don't offer insight beyond the ordinary or give much individualized attention. The strengths of customized online programs and one on one tutoring still stand for advanced ESL students and native speakers, since they help you design a study plan, understand your strong points and weak areas, and prioritize the material in a way that will maximize your score improvement. Many schools waive their TOEFL requirement if you score a minimum score on the Critical Reading section of the SAT. UMass Boston wants to see a 450 for bilingual SAT scores, and Columbia and Brown want to see at least a 650. If you're an advanced speaker who can score high enough to waive the TOEFL, then you definitely want to get started on prep early. That way you'll know whether or not you have to take TOEFL before it's too late. The SAT is a challenging test that plays a huge role in your college plans. To do your best, you want to choose the best materials and method of test prep. Then you can design the study plan that will help you most increase your scores. And if you come up with the best design, Heidi Klum will wear it to the Emmys. Design Your SAT Study Plan While you should focus on prepping for all aspects of the SAT, you probably want to focus most of your energy on the Critical Reading section and the essay. These tend to be the hardest to score highly on if your native language isn't English. Official books, online programs, and tutoring can provide you with high quality materials, individualized attention, and detailed explanations. It also helps to keep improving your English and reading. There are even some SAT vocabulary novels that can be an engaging way to learn vocabulary in context. Once you figure out your target scores and check out the different test dates, you can divide your time according to your schedule. This is one possible study plan that starts early in high school. Some students may push this forward, but it's good to start early so you have available test dates to retake the SAT. Start prepping in sophomore year 2 to 3 hours a week. This would add up to 80 hours or more by the end of the school year! Take the SAT in the spring of junior year, like May or June. If you're not satisfied with your scores (which you very well may not be at this point), do intensive test prep over the summer, while continuing to advance your English. Test again in the fall of junior year, and again in the spring of junior year if you still see room for improvement. Keep in mind that the fall of senior year would be the last time you could take the SAT and make your deadlines. Don't wait too long to take the TOEFL if you'll need it for colleges. While you want to start early, you also need to have sufficient working knowledge of English and the content knowledge, like geometry, algebra, and certain literary terms. If you haven't studied geometry yet in sophomore year, then it might be tough to take the SAT then and better to wait a little longer. Even if you're just starting to study, adding an SAT Question of the Day is an easy way to slowly get familiar with the questions. You can also create vocabulary flashcards specific for reading and math to quiz yourself and build up your vocab. The SAT is meant to measure college readiness. Achieving your target scores shows you have the English and study skills you need to succeed in college level courses. What's Next? Check out these other free resources for learning about SAT content and strategy! How to Improve Your SAT Reading Score: 6 Strategies How to Improve Low SAT Math Scores: 6 Key Strategies How to Improve Your SAT Writing Score: 8 Key Strategies The Best Way to Read SAT Critical Reading Passages How to Stop Running Out of Time on SAT Math How to Stop Running Out of Time on SAT Reading How to Write an SAT Essay, Step by Step We have lots more guides to help students at all levels improve on the SAT and learn strategies to beat the test. Check them out and find the tips and strategies that work best for you! Want to improve your SAT score by 240 points?We have the industry's leading SAT prep program. Built by Harvard grads and SAT full scorers, the program learns your strengths and weaknesses through advanced statistics, then customizes your prep program to you so you get the most effective prep possible. Check out our 5-day free trial today:

Workplace analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Workplace analysis - Assignment Example The organization’s vision statement emphasizes action with courage and integrity fostered by being dependable and only doing the right things, open to diverse cultures and ideas, and connectedness to regulators, customers and each other (Suresh & Paul, 2010). The institution exists in one of the most competitive sectors in the world. The banking and financial industry has many actors that fight hard to out each other. The high level of competition seems to be reason that the institution has diversified operations (Suresh & Paul, 2010). The bank faces competition from institutions like the Bank of America, Goldman Sachs, Chase Bank, Wells Fargo, U.S bancop, and the Citigroup among others. The success of the organization bases on intention to promote customer experience by maintaining close contacts. Another principle that informs success of the company is the determination to maintain a strong capital and liquidity (Kynaston & Roberts, 2015). The institution also considers effective risk management as part of its way to success. Furthermore, the institution recognizes the pursuit for excellence, efficiency, sustainability, speed and performance-focus as crucial aspects of its success principles. The employee development programs adopted by the company include training of new recruits, organization of seminars and conferences, managers of the organization also performs coaching and mentoring roles for their junior

Ass 5.8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ass 5.8 - Essay Example In order to determine the official unemployment rate it is important to determine the total labor force. Total labor force = Unemployed work force + employed workers = 8.4 + 108.5 =116.9 Therefore, Unemployment rate= Number of unemployed workforce ?100 = 8.4 ? 100 = 7.2% Total Labor force 116.9 The official unemployment in the US in 1991 was = 7.2% 2. If bureau of statistics considered 1.2 million people as unemployed, the official unemployment rate will be as follows; Official Unemployment rate= Number of unemployed workforce ?100 Total Labor force Total labor force = 108.5 + 1.2= 109.7 Official Unemployment rate= (1.2?109.7)100 =1.1% There was a discrepancy of 6.1% obtained by finding the difference between the two rates of unemployment as follows 7.2%-1.1% =6.1%. The discrepancy may be attributed to an increase in recession and inflation rate leading to a decrease in unemployment rate by 1.6% in the second answer. 3. The Concept of natural rate of unemployment Natural rate of unem ployment refers to the rate of unemployment that occurs in a healthy economy when the labor market at equilibrium (Taylor, 2007). At this at this point full employment corresponds with the rate of unemployment. The concept can be presented diagrammatically as shown below. Real Wage ASL N= labor force ADL Natural rate of Unemployment We Q1 Q2 Source: Author Natural rate of unemployment include Frictional and structural unemployment (Mankiw, 2011). Frictional rate of unemployment occurs when people leave their current job and went to look for new better and satisfying jobs (Mankiw, 2011). During this period, people may remain unemployed and therefore, an economy may experience frictional rate of unemployment (Mankiw, 2011). On the other hand, Structural rate of unemployment occurs when new technological changes leads to unemployment because people do not have the required skills and knowledge to do the job and therefore, people need to be retrained in to make their skills correspond t o a job need (Woirol, 1996). Distinguishing between â€Å"good† inflation and â€Å"bad† inflation and why some economists see some inflation superior than others. Economist asserts that a good inflation refers to the one that creates caution to an economy of an impending deflation so that an economy can put in place necessary measures to curb impending deflation (Mceachern, 2012). Additionally, a good inflation can helps in real wage adjustment in case of disequilibrium. On the other hand, economist asserts that a bad inflation is the one that has a depressing impact to an economy making the cost of living to be extremely high and unbearable(Mceachern, 2012). A bad inflation tends to make an economy engage itself in borrowing leading to escalating debts. Additionally, wages and income tend to remain low as the cost of living continues to rise (Mceachern, 2012). This situation could lead to strikes and boycotts as workers pressures employers to increase their salaries and wages in order to cope with high cost of living (Mceachern, 2012).Some economist hold that hyper inflation as a superior as compared with double digit and moderate inflation. This is because hyper inflation makes the economy to become totally depressed as money in circulation losses value making the cost of living unbearable. Lesson 9: Managing the Economy: Fiscal Policy and Its Effects 1 (a).Effects of $20billion tax cut on

Store and retrive information Essay Example for Free

Store and retrive information Essay Understand processes and procedures for storing and retrieving information Explain the purpose of storing and retrieving required information: The reason you store information is so you when you need it in the future you can easily find it. Most companies have to either store documents in fire proof cabinet’s or on hard disks or any other electronic storage devices. Most companies have confidential files about the company, employees or customers that have to follow the data protection act. Describe different information systems and their main features: Server on the server at our company we use the server to store all are files for example financial data, HR files, sage and accounts, maintenance, training, HSBC, customers, employees, etc. these are all in relevant files so you can locate them easily. GX – our bespoke system saves all of the work that we have processed so you can locate them by going on to contracts and finding the relevant customer’s and looking what they have had from when they joined with our company and we can also look back in the past to see how much we have made and how many pieces we have sent out. Explain the purpose of legal and organizational requirements for the security and confidentiality of information: Information that is stored in an organisation has to follow the security and confidentiality procedures. For example finances, customer’s and employee’s details should be secured and only certain members of staff should be able to access physical and electronic data unless you have been given authorisation. If information gets into the wrong hands it could have serious consequences and might lead to legal action. Explain the purpose of confirming information to be stored and retrieved: All companies store a lot of information, but if you store the wrong information that isn’t up to date or is not correct there is no use of it. So when storing information you should be cautious that it is proof read. You keep information for a reason so you should keep everything updated. The wrong information can be really serious if it falls in to wrong hands. Read more:  Store and Retrieve Information Essay Describe ways of checking information for accuracy: When you are saving important information it is essential that you proof read it, or if you are not sure get someone to double check it, as you only want accurate data. By using decent software to store database will help ensure  that the information is accurate. Explain the purpose of checking information for accuracy: All organisations have to check to make sure that there information is correct because if one thing is wrong for example in the financial department if the money that is coming in and going out is inaccurate, this might lead to staff might not get paid correctly or you haven’t got enough money to pay either staff or employers. Explain the purpose of providing information to agreed format and timescales: By having an agreed format in an organisation is called a house style by using a house style it will let other companies or customers identify who you are, for example by the font, logo, font size, emphasis and spacing. By not having this you don’t look very professional and will make things take longer if you have to use extra time making it right. By having a timescale will let staff and customers know when work will be completed by over running the timescale will make the company look unorganised and not very professional. Describe the types of information that may be deleted: As a company goes on your will get more and more customers and might have some customers leave your company so you should always check the data and making sure it is accurate, so you don’t have any unwanted data. Most companies will have a policy on how long you should store data for and after that time it should be deleted or shredded following security and confidentiality procedures. Describe problems that may occur with information systems and how to deal with them, when necessary: When storing important information there is always going to be a risk whether it is saved onto a computer or it is physical because computers get viruses from attackers so you should always make sure that you have got proper security like antivirus software and firewalls need to be used as well as passwords. When you have physical information there is always a risk that there could be a fire or flood, or information can be seen by the wrong person who do not have authority to access information. You should always have locks and maybe even a fire proof cabinet for important documents.

Problems Encountered When Feed :: essays research papers

There are four problems that may occur in individuals with sever disabilities when feeding is taking place. These four problems, chin retraction, tongue retraction, chin thrust, and tongue thrust, all take place in the dental region of the face, and they all involve the muscles of that same region. Each one presents its own difficulties; however, sometimes the may occur simultaneously. The basis for the inner feeding team is the jaw, or chin. It controls and regulates the movements of the other muscles, (including the lips and tongue). The jaw may have two significant problems that accompany it. The first is known as chin retraction. This condition is found mainly in individuals with neurological impairments. The reasons for this being that these individuals tend to show more neck extension and shoulder retraction. With this poor development, the jaw is pushed forward by the rest of the skeletal structure. The jaw then opens irregularly and with no set pattern. It may even become stuck in an open position. Feeding is difficult because the child has little or no control over his jaw. Another problem that may occur with the jaw, but is less common, is chin retraction. This movement is a pulling back of the lower jaw, making it difficult for the mouth to open fully. Strain is placed on the mouth and air passage forming a smaller tunnel of flow. This then creates a problem with swallowing. A child with this type of problem must not be given solid, tough, or chewy food that is not already chopped up. Otherwise choking may occur. In addition to problems with the chin are problems with the tongue. The tongue is one of the major muscles of the mouth. The ability of the tongue to change shape contributes to the efficiency and skill with which food can be organized and controlled in the mouth. If the tongue becomes thin, thick, flat, bunched, pointed, cupped, or humped, then it cannot function properly. The first problem that can occur with the tongue is called tongue thrust. This is a forceful protrusion of the tongue from the mouth. Movement that is frequently arrhythmic characterizes it. With the tongue pushed forward, it makes it difficult to insert a spoon or nipple. Many times the food is pushed out of the mouth as it is inserted. A minor form of tongue thrust is known as exaggerated tongue protrusion.

Complexity On The Implementation Of KTSP

BackgroundIn the class of history since 1945 ( Independence Year ) , the national course of study of Indonesia had undergone changed into several times, viz. in 1947, 1952, 1964, 1968, 1975, 1984, 1994, 2004 and the latest course of study of KTSP 2006 ( best understood as School Based Currriculum ) , â€Å" those amendments are logically effects of â€Å" political issue, authorities system, societal cultural, economic, scientific discipline and engineering † alterations in the life of province community † ( Soekisno, 2007, parity. 1 ) . Therefore, the course of study as a set of educational programs should be developed dynamically in conformity with the demands and alterations that occur in society. All Indonesia ‘s national course of studies were designed based on the same foundation, viz. Pancasila ( Philosophical foundation of the Indonesian Republic ) and the 1945 fundamental law, the chief differences among those course of studies were merely on stressing of educational ends and attacks to recognize it. Continuing to better the quality of instruction in order commensurate with others development states, Indonesian authorities has made assorted alterations, and continues to reexamine the execution of instruction in Indonesia. As known, the National Education Standards of Indonesia ( BSNP ) had regulated through Government Regulation ( PP ) No. 19 Year 2005 set eight contents of the Standards of Education, specifically Content Standard, Standard Process, Graduates Competency Standards, Educators Standards and Education Workforce, Infrastructure Standards, Management Standards, Financial Standards and Evaluation Standards. Simultaneously through that Government Regulation No.19 twelvemonth 2005 affected to the way of Indonesian course of study development policies to implement its Content Standard ( SK ) and Graduate Competency Standard ( SKL ) where so being established through the Regulation of The Minister of National Education: Number 22, 23, 24 twelvemonth 2006. These three ordinances so farther elaborated to be â€Å" KTSP † ( School Based Curriculum ) which is built and developed by each educational unit or school in Indonesia. Harmonizing to Azumardi Azra ( 2006 ) explained that the alterations in instruction in Indonesia means that there are two new paradigms emerged in instruction, switching the orientation of the policy where antecedently being centralized to deconcentrate, so national instruction is more orientated to the larning procedure instead than consequences. Decentralized system means to implement the new discovery of School-Based Curriculum where much known as KTSP in Indonesia. KTSP which is so translated to be School-Based Curriculum ( SBC ) , this sort of course of study replaced its predecessor of Competence Based Curriculum ( KBK ) 2004. Mulyasa ( 2008 ) viewed about in every bend of the Ministry of Education will likely alter the course of study. Its alteration of course of study had implicated and affected the national instruction system of Indonesia ; it had non merely affected the acquisition clime in the schoolroom, every bit good as the preparedness of the principal and capable instructors in attempt to understand and use the pattern. In add-on, Sutrisno & A ; Nuryanto ( 2008 ) viewed that the execution has non optimally pattern as a sequence of educational culprits who think KTSP differ with KBK. Meanwhile Suhadi ( 2006 ) argued in such of that premise due to a priory attitudes and psychological opposition against the alterations. Whereas the alterations heightening the operational pattern of course of study which are developed and implemented by each schools dwelling of their ain several ends, local content positions, educational calendar and course of study. KTSP which was being mandated by Ministry of National Education Indonesia ( MoNE ) through The National Education Standard Institution ( BSNP ) means to reenforce the execution of its predecessor ( read: KBK ) , it implies that KTSP still put force per unit area on developing pupils competences, harmonizing to Fasli & A ; Bachruddin ( 2007 ) said that KTSP execution will non be undergoing through a public trial, because this course of study has been tested through KBK which was being applied by several schools in a pilot undertaking before the Born of KTSP. This is so a following-up toward course of study alteration in the context of regional liberty and decentalisation of instruction programmed by the authorities of Indonesia. The execution of this course of study is focused on three dimensions of pupil ‘s enrichment of cognition ( cognitive ) , attitude formation ( affectional ) and behaviour ( psychomotor ) . On KTSP the school and instructor have an authorization to make up one's mind the educational ends based on their ain schools position, in other words, teacher have responsibilities on: ( 1 ) concept and explicate the proper end, ( 2 ) choose and concept the right lesson stuff harmonizing to the demands, involvement and kids development stage, ( 3 ) utilizing assorted methods and learning media, ( 4 ) and build the plan and the right rating. A course of study should be made consistently and item, which will ease the instructor on its execution. However, KTSP faces major challenges related to incorporate of local information, national, and international. Uniting these integratings may merely be solved by holding resources which are prepared in front of clip, non by the instructors who prepared immediately through a assortment of course of study development aid plans. More unsafe if the schools finally merely offered darnel or follow the guidelines were offered by National Education Standard ( BSNP ) . If so, SBC will make the instant schools, stunted creativeness while it ‘s really contrary to the authorization of the KTSP. Some of the grounds behind the demands for this research include ( 1 ) KTSP execution demands to be evaluated at the same time through qualitatively and quantitatively, and ( 2 ) the consequences of that rating can be made as the basic information for all policy determinations relate to educational elements in Riau Province particularly at Indragiri Hilir Regency.Research ProblemHowever, holding launched on 2006, there were many issues discussed by experts and parties whose responsible for instruction, peculiarly in the execution of School Based Curriculum ( KTSP ) which has unequal human resources whose capable to construe even lucubrate it into the pattern of educational unit, rawness of the back uping installations of its execution, the instructors do non understand KTSP as a whole, both in footings of construct and its execution in schools and even still busy utilizing the old theory in the procedure of instruction and acquisition in schoolroom. In conformity with the principal of KTSP, all degrees and types of instruction in Indonesia must develop their ain course of study based on their possible countries and pupils. This is supported by Minister of National Education Regulation No. 22 of 2006 on the Content Standards, every bit good as Minister of National Education Regulation No. 23 of 2006 on Graduates Competency Standards ( SKL ) , these ordinances mandate to the schools in order being required to fix their ain course of study. However, this policy is non accompanied by instructors ‘ preparedness even understanding, these generate the confusion among them while using the KTSP. As informed by Curriculum Center 2010, the monitoring noticed about the execution of KTSP has been conducted largely in big countries, although bulk of them still following from bing theoretical account of course of study. Hopefully, with proficient aids that undertaken by assorted parties affect to the success of its development and assisting their apprehension on the construct and doctrine, and so promote them to develop based on their several conditions. There are ever the assorted obstructions occurred during recognizing the authorization of schools and its KTSP, at the first, deficiency of ability is the chief concept, by making the development of staffs ‘ capablenesss while supplying proficient aid to peculiar parts could take them to larn by making. The instability of support for the airing and socialisation of KTSP causes Curriculum Center besides experienced significant cost-cutting steps, it impacts the perfect planning that has been ab initio organized became badly hampered in its execution and besides make the distrusting between local to Curriculum Center. But the best spirit of country in welcoming this new course of study to be extremely efficacious drug for the Curriculum Center to make the best in conformity with the appropriate quality demands, potencies and regional specialnesss. The Implementation of a new course of study would potentially neglect if it was be imprudent to see the strength of human resources. As stated by Francis Hunkins ( 2004 ) argued that â€Å" one ground may fail a new course of study is that execution has non been considered critical in course of study development, farther asserted that often new and advanced plans are blunted at schoolroom doors † ( p. 298 ) . So, a new course of study that is scientifically good may non needfully be implemented or will be blunt its scientific in the schoolroom pattern. Therefore, any jobs arise due to the execution of KTSP supposed to consist more serious concern of Indonesian Government, particularly Indonesian Ministry of National Education. Thingss that must be considered such as the followers: Bettering instructor ‘s quality and understanding toward relevant constructs of KTSP execution. Supplying such of installations and substructure that can back up the successful of KTSP execution. Simultaneously aid every educational unit in developing KTSP. Measuring its procedure at provincial degree to local territory and parts. Whatever the responses from the refering person/social in respect to the execution of KTSP, school and instructor are the cardinal to implement this school based course of study, they themselves are potentially to get the better of any failings occur, if non it will be in vain. As suggested by Nana ( 2001 ) no affair on how good the course of study is, but the consequences are extremely dependent on what is being done by instructors and students in the schoolroom. It means the success of instruction through course of study reformation will finally be determined by instructor as an executor of the course of study, and school as a acquisition supplier.Research AimsThis survey aims to see how the execution of School-Based Curriculum ( Initialized as KTSP ) in Junior High Schools and Senior High Schools every bit good as Madrasah at Riau state Indonesia, specifically it will be conducted in one portion of Riau Province viz. Indragiri Hilir Regency. Particularly the aim of this survey is to measure the position of KTSP execution in dimensions of context, input, procedure and merchandise. To calculate out the extent to which KTSP has been being implementing in High Schools and Madrasah To look into the complexnesss of its execution during 4 old ages running To happen out the back uping installations served by national and local authorities in its execution Overall intent of this survey is to see the execution of the KTSP in footings of context, input, procedure and merchandise.Significance of the StudyThe consequence of this survey will obtain some of the practical benefits as follows: The policy recommendations to Indonesian Ministry of Education ( particularly for Indragiri Hilir Ministry of Education ) based on the aims data that will be resulted at the terminal of the survey. Information to the populace ( stakeholder and parents ) For basic development of relevant course of study stuffs conformity with local potencies and instructor competence criterion. As mention to the theoretical footing for the development of KTSP paradigm based on schools possible demands on regard to its planning, execution, and rating.Research QuestionsIn overall aims, this survey will explicate the research inquiries based on the rating theoretical account of course of study developed by Stufflebeam ( 1972 ) ; those are Context, Input, Process and Product. Thus the research inquiries are formulated as the followers: Dimension of Context How make the English instructors at Indragiri Hilir Regency develop their ain course of study based on schools ‘ desires, pupil ‘s demands and local demands? How do they implement and incorporate all facets of KTSP to their lesson program and instruction? Dimension of Input How the full of KTSP certification ( Lesson Plan, instructors, course of study development stuff, back uping installations, substructure and media ) have been held wholly in every Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How does the Indragiri Hilir Education Ministry assists the schools to develop their instructors ‘ capableness in developing and implementing KTSP? Dimension of Procedure How is the execution of KTSP in Junior High School, Senior High Schools and Madrasah at Indragiri Hilir Regency Riau? How do they ( Schools and instructors ) evaluate its execution? Dimension of Merchandise How are the consequences of KTSP execution? How the consequence of KTSP execution to pupil ‘s competency in English ( Impact of instructors ‘ creativenesss in planing their ain course of study development )Chapter IITHEORETICAL FRAMEWORKLiterature ReviewAs the latest course of study on 2006 which is derived from KBK ( CBC-Competence-Based Curriculum 2004 ) , KTSP becomes a new discovery in the history of Indonesian instruction course of study, which to come on its development to down-top attack. Contextually, KTSP develop by any groups or commissions of the instruction unit or school/madrasah those under coordination and supervising of the National Indonesian Education Ministry and Local Indonesian Education Ministry. It emphasizes on developing the ability to execute competencies and undertakings with specific criterions, so the consequences affect the pupils on command of a set of specific cognition competences, and values used in many Fieldss of life. Indeed, KTSP is the course of study that reflects the cogniti on, accomplishments and attitudes and besides refers to the construct of instruction in turning to better pupils ‘ potency optimally. Furthermore, harmonizing to historical records, following the independency of the Republic of Indonesia, the Dutch linguistic communication was replaced by English as the first foreign linguistic communication, and has been recognized as such in Indonesia since 1955 ( Alisjabana, 1976 ; de Han, 2003 as cited in Mochtar Marhum, n.d. ) . Since the 1980s, English has been considered to be the most of import foreign linguistic communication in Indonesia. The authorities ‘s and community ‘s involvement in English has been turning since the early 1990s ( Alwasilah, 1997 ) . This place of English can be traced from authorities paperss on the consequences of Parliament ‘s meetings. In the GBHN ( The Guidelines of the State Policy ) 1983 and 1988, foreign linguistic communication policy was non incorporated. However, in the GBHN 1993, the policy on foreign linguistic communications, peculiarly English, was clearly stipulated. The policy related to the usage and command of En glish. In 1988, Government Regulation No. 55, 56 and 57/1988 altering Government Regulation No. 28, 29/990 was introduced. It confirmed the usage of English in schools. Furthermore, Government Regulation of No 57/1957/1988 confirmed the usage of English as a foreign linguistic communication and as a agency of communicating in the university. Subsequently, it was incorporated into Government Regulation No 60/1999 on the usage of English in all higher instruction. Alwasilah ( 1997 ) suggested that â€Å" the demand for command of English in the globalisation epoch was perfectly necessary. In add-on, it would be ideal if the command of English became the command of 2nd linguistic communication † ( p. 89 ) . Yet, the unique of this KTSP hopefully bring the new instruction theoretical account to the success of Indonesian instruction. The development of a KTSP is a new phenomenon for the school community in Indonesia, accordingly, in the early phase of its execution some obstructions were found in a figure of schools. The freedom of schools to make their ain course of study which is relevant with the demands of pupils can non be to the full implemented ( Harry & A ; Burhanudin, 2008 ) . The general theoretical account of it which is being developed as a theoretical account and to the full adopted by a figure of schools has tended to do a similar course of study among schools as to what was being implemented in the centralistic epoch. The alteration in the function of schools from course of study implementer to curriculum developer has made the school community confused. The capacity of school community to analyse the conditions and demands of the pupils and implement them in school course of study demands to be farther improved. Therefore, school aid through professional development plans provided for the caput in structors and instructors in the context of this sort of school based course of study is still considered of import for several old ages to come. In line with the school aid, capacity edifice of the educational direction in independent parts ( regency/municipality ) pull offing the course of study development still remains to be completed A figure of surveies have been carried out to look into its ‘ execution, in a old survey conducted on 2008 where located in Jambi state of Indonesia revealed ( Sutrisno & A ; Nuryanto, 2008 ) that â€Å" KTSP to all degrees ( Elementary Schools, Junior and Senior High Schools ) holding less applicable in term of ( a ) KTSP developmental readying, ( B ) course of study development, ( degree Celsius ) instructors ‘ ego development, ( vitamin D ) integrated acquisition, ( vitamin E ) local content development, ( degree Fahrenheit ) outcomes assessment, and ( g ) study procedure † ( p. 27 ) . As such the issue above, execution in this context leads to the true preparedness of Jambi state in expecting of alterations toward educational paradigm from a antecedently centralized to deconcentrate. For illustration, KTSP which was launched on the late 2006 more accent on school liberty through developing their ain course of study harmonizing to local demands and wisdoms, means Indonesian course of study is no longer centralized nationally and it is mandated on Indonesian Regulation No. 22 legislated in 1999 by the democracy of Indonesia ( R.I ) . Sing local authorities, decentalisation implies that the authorization to implement and pull off instruction shall be transferred from the national authorities to local territories or municipal authorities degrees. At this point Sutrisno & A ; Nuryanto ( 1998 ) besides asserted that the instructors ‘ regulations as facilitator in KTSP elements have non been working as the schools and commissions ‘ outlooks. Furthermore, on different angle reported as the followers: The existent status shows that the paradigm displacement is non needfully accompanied by better consequence. A figure of jobs still progress in Jambi while on degree of states, metropoliss and states. First, non all sectors which are directed to educational policy have human resources competent to explicate the proficient policy and its execution. Second, the progressively of dominant political intercession in finding of policy and execution, contextually in line with the tendency of liberty, bureaucratic concatenation is really closely possible to holding dominantly power to instruction. ( Sutrisno & A ; Nuryanto, 1998 p. 24 ) . In a sense, it is of import to see the statement rose on where the KTSP developed, Endo viewed from this position that KTSP is similar to the construct of School-Based Curriculum Development ( SBCD ) in Australia which had begun to put on the mid-1970s, the discourse was in kernel of giving more freedom in finding the course of study by the schools members ( Endo, 1997 ) . SBCD has several features that are by and large similar to SBC development in Indonesia, proved on through the engagement of instructors, engagement of the whole or portion of school staffs ; scope of activities including choice ( pick of a figure of alternate course of study ) , version ( alteration of bing course of study ) , and creative activity ( planing a new course of study ) ; duties transformation from centralist to decentralist ( non ending of duties ) and a continuance procedure among the community and stake-holders ( to help instructors and schools ) . Other surveies have indicated, nevertheless, Indonesian KTSP is non derived from SBCD in Australia, such on this statement Wachyu ( 2009 ) argued KTSP is holding the derived functions factors from SBCD in Australia, KTSP is an incorporate course of study uniting between the Top-Down and Bottom-Up attack that was being confirmed in USPN ( Legislation of Indonesian National Education Standard ) on chapter Ten, article 36 and 37, USPN revealed that Indonesian course of study development is based on National Education Standard ( SNP ) and considerately pay attending on scholars possible diversenesss, schools diversenesss and local demands. In Chapter 38 besides states that the construction and model of the course of study of primary and secondary schools are determined by the authorities. Therefore, KTSP divided into nucleus ( topics are tested nationally ) and local topics that are developed by each educational unit based on the appraisal of its possible, including the content to develo p scholar ‘s personality and potency based on his involvement in the signifier of extra-curricular activities. While SBCD in Australia tend to use bottom-up attack, the full procedure and the phases of course of study based on the possible school. As confirmed by Skillbeck ( 1991 ) that â€Å" School based course of study is a procedure when some or all members of a school take portion on planning, execution, and rating on the facets or elements of the course of study † ( Sklill beck, 1991, as cited in Wachyu, 2009, p. 2 ) . Decentralized course of study ; such of planing, implementing and commanding ( rating and betterment ) carried out through locally by each educational unit, instructors who design its course of study working together with experts, schools committee/madrasah and others portion of society. KTSP development could include all constituents of the course of study or some merely, alternatively of digest can be done by a group or all instructors with respect to the demands of each school in conformity with the conditions in each educational unit or its encompassing communities. KTSP will be more meaningful because of the different state of affairss in a certain local status that lead to the fulfilment of demands, demands and local development. It will bring forth a assortment of design but more easy to understand, mastered and implemented by instructors due to their engagement in spread outing KTSP. Particularly the centre of course of study by Indonesian Education Ministry ( 2007 ) has pointed out besides the advantages and its defects, the advantages are taking on ( 1 ) KTSP is conformity with the demands, conditions, and on diversenesss which every local communities have, car aid in developing society, ( 2 ) more easy to transport out due to the designs that have been prepared by instructors sing the local factors that truly back up to develop. Alternatively, it has besides several defects, ( 1 ) non all instructors have the expertness or accomplishments in course of study development so, non every local schools have the instructors or an expert that proficiently in developing such of it, ( 2 ) contently localized, the alumnus can be deficiency of ability to take part the national fight, ( 3 ) assorted designs that lead to the complexness of monitoring and measuring in term of national acquisition results, ( 4 ) reassigning pupils from certain schools to another schools can d o troubles ( Center for the Development of Curriculum, 2007 ) . Listen Read phonetically Recent studies have noted, researched by Wachyu Sundayana ( 2009 ) , a figure of 60 English instructors from junior and senior high schools spread of 24 regencies and metropoliss in West Java Indonesia were being selected, most instructors who participated in this survey had trained and socialized about KTSP. He organized the research inquiries on ( 1 ) How are English teacher ‘s understanding about KTSP, ( 2 ) How are their perceptual experiences on the development of KTSP, ( 3 ) What complexnesss were raising during implementing and developing its course of study. This survey showed the development of KTSP in every unit of instructions particularly junior high schools and MTs ( Madrasah ) in West Java are still non in line with the phases of development as suggested in the guidelines of BSNP ( Institution of National Education Standard ) . Data aggregation showed most instructors ( 74 % ) know what KTSP was, but they were non clear to what map they have in pattern, implement and develop KTSP, for the same ground Faizah and Ismono studied for look intoing the preparedness of chemical science instructors ( Bangkalan territory of Madura ) , harmonizing to their determination that Chemistry instructors from five schools were non ready to use, the per centum merely reached on 60 % ( Faizah & A ; Ismono, 2008, as cited in Yuli Eko Siswono, n.d ) . Simultaneously with the determination of Wachyu Sundayana survey, the complexnesss on its execution concluded as follows: ( 1 ) deficiency of back uping installations of the schools, ( 2 ) rawness of KTSP counsel that received by instructors, ( 3 ) KTSP guideline was non elaborate and clear, ( 4 ) instructors ‘ understanding on KTSP paperss. These informations are consistent with the determination of research conducted by Miftahul Jannah ( 2008 ) demoing about instructors ‘ abilities are low in developing course of study and lesson program, most of respondents ( 75 % ) stated about their inabilities in developing syllabus but merely copying and doubling the illustrations from BSNP without holding a preliminary probe throughout pupils potencies and schools demands. Most of questioning respondents admit to their complexnesss in doing a good course of study and lesson program lines with the pupils and schools demands. This fact showed that instructors holding a great pestile nce to develop among the phase on SBC ( Miftahul Jannah, 2008, as cited in Wachyu Sundayana, 2009. p. 7 ) . Sing Riau state, whole schools on current educational twelvemonth 2009/2010 are come oning to accommodate KTSP, such socialisation have ever done, it felt as complexness because the full procedure of being centralise to deconcentrate does n't much understand by some instructors, mentioning to the map of instructors on KTSP, instructors are together with schools members to develop KTSP based on pupils ‘ possible and local demands ( UUD No. 20 twelvemonth 2003/article 37 ) . In fact, it is of extreme importance to analyze what we could larn from anterior and present attempts to convey about the schemes that are presently progressed by BSNP to assist every educational unit in developing its course of study. Harianti ( 2008 ) explained although the authorization of national course of study development has changed. It is non doing a sense for course of study centre to lose their occupations, the undertaking alteration increasingly to help schools to fix their ain several course of study. Furthermore, she points out the occupation duty is non seem to be easy, today, there are a big figure of schools in Indonesia contains 43.461 ( simple schools ) , 12.731 ( junior high schools ) , 4.499 ( senior high school ) and 2.655 ( vocational high schools ) , yet, non including Early Childhood instruction, Extraordinary Schools and Madrasah. It does non let for course of study centre helps one by one, there should be a scheme so schools can develop their ain course of study ( parity. 2 ) . The outlook is that they can develop a course of study, going true anchor in bettering local human resources through instruction in national or even in international fight. Empowerment the schools and community in developing KTSP done through a proficient aid, both at the provincial degree every bit good as at the degree of district/city, at the provincial degree expected to show a TPK ( Curriculum Development Team ) whose duty to supply the information and give aids on the development of KTSP to TPK at the degree territory. Authorization at the provincial degree such as Riau is concentrated in the country of course of study development till the squads executing rating and supervising its execution based on their ain several parts, beside at the territory degree is concentrated on the ability of the squad to execute in school course of study development aid. KTSP where normally known as school based course of study gone to be discussed for a long, the wide survey of Marsh Collin et.al ( 1990 ) on their concluding determination of School based course of study development had suggested through bomber of ‘specifics SBCD issues ‘ : â€Å" The cardinal histrions involved in political determinations about schooling in their several states tend to utilize several footings to depict or advance their attempts. Such term include ‘quality of schooling ‘ , ‘school-improvement ‘ , ‘school-focused betterment ‘ , self-managing school ‘ , and many others. Be that as it may, there are a figure of interesting issues about SBCD and ( its equivalent word ) which are presently of considerable involvement and are likely to stay so in the immediate hereafter † . They include: The function of parents and pupils in determination devising Fiscal direction by schools Professional development for instructors Teacher assessment School rating Pressure of fastening cardinal control ( As cited in Marsh Colin, et.al, 1990, pp. 206-207 ) There are ever the assorted obstructions occurred in recognizing the authorization of schools and its KTSP, at the first, deficiency of ability is the chief concept, by making the development of staffs ‘ capablenesss while supplying proficient aid to peculiar parts could take them to larn by making. The instability of support for the airing and socialisation of KTSP causes Curriculum Center besides experienced significant cost-cutting steps, it impacts the perfect planning that has been ab initio organized became badly hampered in its execution and besides make the distrusting between local to Curriculum Center. But the best spirit of country in welcoming this new course of study to be extremely efficacious drug for the Curriculum Center to make the best in conformity with the appropriate quality demands, potencies and regional specialnesss. As informed by Curriculum Center ( 2010 ) , the monitoring noticed about the execution of KTSP has been conducted largely in big countries, although bulk of them still following from bing theoretical account of course of study. Hopefully, with proficient aids that undertaken by assorted parties affect to the success of its development and assisting their apprehension on the construct and doctrine, and so promote them to develop based on their several conditions. Furthermore, the Curriculum centre toward its official web site released about the singularity of KTSP execution in term of schools needs diversenesss, Although the two junior high schools are located in the next vicinity but it was really much different students conditions. The A school whose current scholars come from upper and in-between category of socio-economic with holding high academic accomplishment, all of them want to go on on to university. On the other manus, the B school whose bulks of scholars come from disadvantaged of socio-economic, program to graduate shortly and gaining money is a primary end of schooling. Both of these two schools will develop a really different course of study. School A will concentrate on surveies with higher order believing that enables scholars to hold high academic thought in taking them to go on university. While school B will enrich the topics with several activities that cultivate the accomplishments to work so that scholars feel a sense of great good accomplishments after graduating from school B. There a batch of research workers have investigated about KTSP. Specifically on its execution, based on the reviewing above some research workers had focused on the effectivity on its rating based on the existent phenomenon which occurred in the existent state of affairs of the schools, the author although can non happen the manner of their probe by utilizing several methods of course of study rating theoretical accounts, where known on several surveies like Glatthorn Allan, Floyd & A ; Bruce ( 2006 ) studied in their books that course of study rating should be concerned with measuring the value of a plan surveies, a field of surveies, and a class of survey, moreover, they argued of all these three degrees of course of study work are of import. Hereafter, the rating theoretical accounts of course of study as best known practical such as: Tyler ‘s Objectives-Centered Model, Stufflebeam ‘s Context-Input-Process-Product Model, Scriven ‘s Goal-Free Model, Stake ‘s Responsive Model and Eisner ‘s Connoisseurship Model ( Glatthorn Allan, Floyd & A ; Bruce, 2006 pp. 302-306 ) . For farther survey, the author will concentrate on the rating theoretical account that developed by Stufflebeam ‘s on Context-Input-Process-Product Model 1971. The context-input-process-product ( abbreviated as CIPP ) theoretical account, has several attractive characteristics, those are: its accent on determination devising seems appropriate for decision makers concerned with bettering course of study, its concern for the formative rating redresss. However CIPP theoretical account has some drawbacks associated, its chief failings seems to be its failure to acknowledge the complexness of the determination doing procedure in organisations. It assumes more reason than exists in such state of affairss and ignores the political factors that play a big portion in these determinations ( Glatthorn Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006 ) .Definition of the FootingsSeveral operational definitions used by the research worker to carry on and concentrate on this survey are as follows: Course of study â€Å" The original derivation of the word course of study is from the Latin verb currere, â€Å" to run † ; course of study, a bantam signifier, came to intend a â€Å" racing chariot † or â€Å" race path † ( David Pratt, 1994, p. 5 ) . Curriculum besides can be defined as normative, descriptive, or both. Ellis survey explained â€Å" Prescriptive definitions provide us with what ‘ought ‘ to go on, and they more frequently than non to take the signifier of program, an intended plan, or some sort of adept sentiment about what needs to take topographic point in the class of survey † ( as cited in Allan, Floyd & A ; Bruce 2006, pp. 3-5 ) . While harmonizing to the Indonesian Institution of National Education Standards ( 2006 ) stated that course of study is â€Å" a set of programs and regulations about the ends, content, learning stuffs, and the methods used to steer the execution of instructional activities on accomplishing certain educational ends, its certain ends include the national instruction ends in conformity with the local potency demands, instruction unit and scholars † ( p. 5 ) . Another term that could be used to specify the descriptive course of study is experience. The experience course of study provides â€Å" glances † of the course of study in action ( Allan, Floyd & A ; Bruce 2006, p. 5 ) . Alan through his book had besides compiled several illustrations of descriptive definitions of course of study from assorted experts, as listed on the followers: All the experiences kids have under the counsel of instructors ( Hollis Caswell & A ; Doak Campbell, 1935 ) Those larning each kid selects, accepts, and incorporates into himself to move with, on, and upon, in subsequent experiences ( Thomas Hopkins, 1941 ) All experiences of the kid for which the schools accepts duty ( W.B. Ragan, 1960 ) The set of existent experiences and perceptual experiences of the experiences that each person scholar has of his or her plan of instruction ( Glenn Hass, 1987 ) The Reconstruction of cognition and experience that enables the scholar to turn in exerting intelligent control of subsequent cognition and experience ( Daniel Tanner & A ; Laurel Tanner, 1995 ) . ( as cited in Allan, Floyd & A ; Bruce 2006, P. 5 ) Allan, Floyd & A ; Bruce ( 2006 ) delivered his best definition as the course of study is the programs made for steering acquisition in the schools, normally represented in retrievable paperss of several degrees of generalization, and the realization of those programs in the schoolroom, as experienced by the scholars and as recorded by an perceiver ; those experiences take topographic point in a acquisition environment that besides influences what is learned. For the intent of this survey, course of study is operationally referred as the course of study which is mandated by Indonesian Ministry of Education ( MoNE ) viz. â€Å" Kurikulum Satuan Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan ( KTSP ) † or best initialized as School Based Curriculum. KTSP or School Based Curriculum Since 2006, when Law Number 20 Year 2003 on the National Education System was implemented, the centralised course of study is bit by bit being changed by the school base course of study which is decentralized to the school degree. In the old course of study, the aims, contents, larning methods, and appraisal techniques of the learning appraisal were determined by the Ministry of National Education. In the new strategy of course of study development, the cardinal authorities, which extends to the Board of National Standard of Education, determines the standard competences for the alumnuss from each school degree, the criterion of course of study content, and guidelines for developing the this course of study based on its rights. In conformity with the national criterion and its guidelines, the school community, under the supervising of the local authorities, designs the course of study for its ain schools. The school based course of study consists of several constituents: vision, miss ion, and aims of school instruction, construction and content of course of study, calendar of instruction, and digest of course of study and lesson programs for each class. This course of study development scheme will vouch that the course of study is relevant with the demands and conditions of the pupils. In add-on, the sense of belonging to a school community in the course of study may ensue in optimal execution of the course of study. The execution of school based course of study gives more freedom to schools and school commissions to develop the school course of study, analyze the internal and external school environment, and find the vision, mission, and aims of instruction initiated by the schools. Then, mentioning to national criterions, each school develops its ain course of study through suiting the minimal contents of the course of study determined nationally every bit good as local contents considered of import for the pupils. The local contents are determined by the school community to develop competences of the pupils based on the local resources and specific mission of the schools. In cooperation with the local authorities, the schools determine the calendar of school instruction. In add-on, groups of instructors under the coordination of caput instructors and school commissions prepare the course of study of classs dwelling of constituents for the targeted competences, content of classs, larning experience of pupils, needed instruction stuffs, and the appraisal techniques to be implemented. In order to fix the execution of the course of study at the schoolroom degree, the instructors prepare the lesson program covering the aims of larning to be achieved in one acquisition episode, a acquisition scenario, learning stuffs, and appraisal tools to be applied. Curriculum Implementation Teacher who implements the KTSP course of study should hold assortment resources, methodological analysiss and knows what values bound the pupils. Of class it will necessitate extra-attention of the instructor. Some untrained instructors will cover with jobs, peculiarly in presenting the course of study content to the pupils because a successful invention execution such as curriculum execution needs responsible competences. As what Richard states that instructors are a cardinal factor in the successful execution of course of study alterations and inadequately trained instructors may non be able to do effectual usage of learning stuffs non count how good they are designed ( Richard, 2001, p. 99 ) .The Stufflebeam ‘s CIPP theoretical account for Curriculum EvaluationCIPP is an acronym for ( Context, Input, Process and Product ) that was developed by Daniel Stufflebeam in 1971 ; it began when he and his co-workers were in the sixtiess experienced on measuring instruction undertaki ng for the Ohio Public Schools District ( B. Robinson, 2002 ) . In this attack, information is seen as most valuable when it helps plan directors to do better determinations, so evaluation activities should be planned to organize with the determination demands of plan staff. Data aggregation and coverage are so undertaken in order to advance more effectual plan direction. There are many different definitions of rating, but one which reflects the CIPP attack is â€Å" Program rating is the systematic aggregation of information about the activities, features, and result of plan for usage by specific people to cut down uncertainnesss, better effectivity, and do determinations with respect to what those plans are making and impacting † ( Patton, 1986, p. 14 as cited in B. Robinson, 2002, p. 1 ) . Daniel Stufflebeam was besides a chaired of Phi Delta Kappa Committee that his theoretical account seemed to appeal on the importance of bring forthing appraising informations for determination devising that leads up to the justification for rating of course of study. Sing to the demands of determination shapers about course of study, Stufflebeam theoretical accounts provides a agency for bring forthing informations associating to four phases of plan operation: context rating, which continuously assesses demands and jobs in the context in order to assist determination shapers determine ends and aims ; input rating, which assesses alternate agencies for accomplishing those ends to assist determination shapers choose optimum agencies ; procedure rating, which monitors the procedures both to guarantee that the agencies are really being implemented and to do the necessary alterations ; and merchandise rating, which compares existent terminals with intended terminals and leads to a series of recycling determinations ( as cited in Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006 by Glatthorn, 1987, pp. 273-274 ) . During each of these four schemes, particulars stairss are taken: The sorts of determinations are identified The sorts of informations needed to do those determinations are identified Those informations are collected The standards for finding quality are established The informations are analyzed on the footing of those standards The needed information is provided to determination shapers ( As cited in Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006 by Glatthorn, 1987 ) Stufflebeam ( 1971 ) explained that â€Å" CIPP theoretical account was originally developed as a agency to consistently supply seasonably appraising information for usage in decision-making † ( p. 2 ) . Further, he thought that rating should be a procedure of delineating, obtaining and supplying utile information to decision-makers, with the overall end of plan or undertaking betterment. The four facets of CIPP rating ( context, input, procedure and merchandise ) assist a decision-maker to reply four basic inquiries: What should we make? This involves roll uping and analysing demands assessment informations to find ends, precedences and aims. For illustration, a context rating of a literacy plan might affect an analysis of the bing aims of the literacy plan, literacy achievement trial tonss, staff concerns ( general and peculiar ) , literacy policies and programs and community concerns, perceptual experiences or attitudes and demands. How should we make it? This involves the stairss and resources needed to run into the new ends and aims and might include placing successful external plans and stuffs every bit good as garnering information Are we making it as planned? This provides decision-makers with information about how good the plan is being implemented. By continuously supervising the plan, decision-makers learn such things as how good it is following the programs and guidelines, struggles originating, staff support and morale, strengths and failings of stuffs, bringing and budgeting jobs. Did the plan work or win? By mensurating the existent results and comparing them to the anticipated results, determination shapers are better able to make up one's mind if the plan should be continued, modified, or dropped wholly. This is the kernel of merchandise rating. Figure 1. The CIPP Model of EvaluationAspect of ratingType of determinationKind of inquiryansweredContext Planing determinations What should we make Input signal Structuring determinations How should we make it Merchandise Implementing determinations Are we making it as planned? And if non, why non? Procedure Recycling determinations Make it work? ( Adopted in B. Robinson, 2002, p. 2 )CIPP Critics on EvaluationBesides holding several attractive characteristics such as: its accent on determination devising seems appropriate for decision makers concerned with bettering course of study, its concern for the formative rating redresss, However CIPP theoretical account has some drawbacks associated, its chief failings seems to be its failure to acknowledge the complexness of the determination doing procedure in organisations. It assumes more reason than exists in such state of affairss and ignores the political factors that play a big portion in these determinations ( As cited in Allan, Floyd and Bruce, 2006, p. 304 ) . CIPP have said besides that it holds an idealised impression of what the procedure should be instead than its actuality and is excessively top-down or managerial in attack, depending on an ideal of rational direction instead than acknowledging its messy world. In pattern, the enlightening relationship between rating and decision-making has proved hard to accomplish and possibly does non take into history sufficiently the political relations of decision-making within and between organisations. In this survey, based on my preliminary observation toward some researches done, there is no a point surveies used a CIPP theoretical account to measure the KTSP course of study particularly in Indragiri Hilir regency, this will be an interesting hereafter to look into how the full facet of decentalisation course of study such as KTSP is implementing at that place.Chapter IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGYResearch DesignThis survey will research and construe the phenomenon of the nature on complexnesss of implementing KTSP course of study on the instruction of English as foreign linguistic communication. The research worker designs this survey as a instance survey, where it is an-in depth geographic expedition of a delimited system ( e.g. , an activity, event, procedure, or persons ) based on extended informations aggregation ( Creswell, 2008, p. 476 ) . This survey will mention to the course of study execution based on the context of its rating technique determined in its Context, Input, Process and Product developed by Daniel Stufflebeam 1971. Research Site Three degrees of different schools will be selected in this survey ; they are junior high school, senior high school and Madrasah ( Islamic senior high school ) . For junior and senior high school will be once more selected each one of the celebrated school in the urban country of Indragiri Hilir Regency, so for Madrasah will be one of the Islamic senior high school in the capital of sub-district of Indragiri Hilir Regency. Sampling Sampling procedure in a qualitative survey depends on the intent of the informations aggregation ( Johnson & A ; Christensen, 2000 ; Miles & A ; Hubermen, 1994 ) . This means that all samples selected are regarded as holding possible to lend to achieving the replies of the research inquiries, purposive sampling technique will utilize in this survey to look at events, people, and paperss as beginnings of grounds of the context, input, procedure, and merchandise of the KTSP execution.Data Collection TechniqueTo cut down prejudice or restrictions of a specific method, this survey used a assortment of methods ( triangulation ) to garner informations from different beginnings ( Maxwell, 1996 ) . Questionnaire Classroom Observation Documentation and InterviewDatas AnalysisData analysis will carry on during the class of garnering farther informations. This is, besides salvaging clip, to avoid the accretion of natural informations collected ( Bogdan and Biklen 1992 ) , and to advance the outgrowth of substantial theory grounded in empirical informations ( Marshall & A ; Rossman, 1995 ) . The information will analyse such usage of the followers: Field notes Transcribing Generating classs through cryptography Data Interpretation Ethical Issue